Stalin, A Dark Time For Many Russians - 1698 Words

The times with a totalitarian state led by a despot with absolute power, Stalin, was a dark time for many Russians. Since the establishment of the secret police, people had to live in constant fear about the words they say and the actions they commit, in order not to â€Å"disappear† into thin air. During the Great Purge or the Great Terror from 1936 – 1938 in the Soviet Union (Gellately, 2007), an approximated amount of 600,000 to 1.2 million people died (Ellman, 2002). These numbers did not conclude all the people that died, since a lot of them went missing and bodies were never found. All sectors of the society were purged, including political parties that were against Stalin. He was always suspicious of betrayals, and therefore under the†¦show more content†¦In the story, there is an institution called the â€Å"Right Place†, which is symbolic of the secret police in the Soviet Union. â€Å"This Institution acquired the reputation of seeing everythi ng, hearing everything, knowing everything, and, if something was out of line, the Institution would be there in flash† (Voinovich, 167). This institution was extraordinarily powerful to the point that they could acquire all sorts of information anywhere and anytime. It shows that there were a lot of undisclosed people working for the secret police. People lived in deep agitation and were ceaselessly worried about the words to say in public and especially if they were unfamiliar with these people. They had to be very careful about what they say. In addition, not only did the Institution, or the secret police knew everything, they also had absolute power, â€Å"The chastising sword of the Institution hung constantly over everyone, ready to come down whenever necessary or even without any reason at all† (Voinovich, 167). This institution was given the ability and authority by the government to jail or execute people even without a single valid reason. Because of that, peo ple were deeply afraid of catching attention by the â€Å"Right Place†. They would avoid all causes to be associated with this institution. The people would not speak of anything they were not â€Å"supposed† to say, such as talking aboutShow MoreRelatedDmitri Shostakovich : The Greatest Composers Of The 20th Century And The Most Important Soviet Composer1567 Words   |  7 Pageshis time. His musical education and career took place entirely in the Soviet Union, where he created his greatest masterpieces including 15 symphonies and 15 string quartets. He forayed into several different mediums including compositions of concertos, ballets, motion-picture scores, and opera. In addition, Shostakovich was at often the center of controversy because his operas dealt with subversive ideas that threatened the oppressive Soviet power. Both celebrated and targeted by the Russian governmentRead MoreThe Progression from Leninism to Stalinism Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesStalini sm still found its basis in Leninism. Even Trotsky, a friend of Lenin and a staunch opponent of Stalin, grudgingly admits that Stalinism did issue from Bolshevism (Trotsky). Stalins policy of socialism in one country, his use of terror to eliminate opposition, and his suppression of democracy and the soviets were all characteristics of Lenin well before they were characteristic of Stalin. Although some of Stalins policies were different from those of Lenin, what difference Stalinism didRead MoreCruelty in animal Farm1259 Words   |  6 Pagesprevious owners. This cycle of cruelty is shown in the Russian revolution by Joseph Stalin who is represented by Napoleon in the story. Cruelty in animal farm is shown by the human’s treatment of the animals, and the animal’s eventual treatment of each other and the ironic characteristics of the two. After the Animal Revolution the pigs take the initiative and place themselves in charge because of their claim of having higher intelligence. Over time this power begins to distort the basis of their revoltRead MoreJoseph Stalins Power1574 Words   |  7 Pages Joseph Stalin is one of the most notorious figures in history. It all started in 1875, with a young Caucasian, Vissarion Ivanovich (son of Ivan) Djugashvili, set out from the village Didi – Lilo, near Tiflis, the capital of the Caucasus, to settle in the little Georgian country town of Gori. There he started a small shoemakers business. Vissarion Djugashvili was the son of Geogian peasants who only ten years before had still been surfs. He was just a slave to some Georgian landlord. He would neverRead MoreAnna Akhmatov The Russian Antigone1023 Words   |  5 PagesAnna Arteaga Mrs.Bausinger English 2 PAP 07 December 2017 The Russian Antigone Anna Akhmatova (June 23, 1889-March 5, 1966) was a renown Russian poet and prophet. Often credited for being the Russian Antigone, Akhmatova was unlike any of the other women of her time. â€Å" Anna Akhmatova was the leader and heat and soul of Saint Petersburg tradition of Russian Poetry in the course of the first half of the twentieth century.†(New World Encyclopedia 1). Along with being a poet, Akhmatova also wrote proseRead MoreAnalysis of George Orwell ´s Animal Farm1077 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst their human masters in an attempt to create an Utopian state. Orwell satires the rise and decline of socialism in the Soviet Union and the emergence of the totalitarian regime of Joseph Stalin. The key members of the Russian revolution are parodied as farmyard animals: Trotsky as snowball and Stalin as Napoleon. As the story and the plot progress the reader develops an urge of contempt towards Napoleon. Orwell satirises Stalins obsession to maintain power and statues throughout Napoleon’sRead MoreHow Did Lenin and Stalin Transform He Society and Economy of the Ussr?1405 Words   |  6 PagesHow did Lenin and Stalin transform the society and economy of the USSR? After the devastation of World War I, the Revolution, and Civil War, Russia was a total wreck. Factories were in ruins and half the working class gone, either dead or returned to the farms. Millions had died, mainly from the famine and disease accompanying war. Two million more, mostly nobles, middle class, and intellectuals, had emigrated to other countries. Lenin returned to Russia from exile in 1917 and it was up to himRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1310 Words   |  6 Pagesfarm is worse off than it was before the rebellion, becoming a dystopia. Animal Farm has many literary elements to better the reader’s understanding of communism during the Russian Revolution, such as symbolism, irony, conflict and allusions. All of the themes that appear in the novel revolve around power, dystopia and equality. Symbolism is a very crucial literary element in Animal Farm and appears in many instances. Symbolism is a literary element that uses objects or characters to represent ideasRead MoreOne Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich - Analytical Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pageson average 111 days of the year. It is dark, gloomy, freezing and miserable in the winter, and in the summer, cold, dark, and gloomy. Camps for political prisoners seemed even colder, especially with no real heating and limited clothes to wear on these wintriness days. br brThe camp which was the bases of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel A Day In The Life Of Ivan Denisovich was initiated by Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 until 1956. Stalin, which means man of steel, constructedRead MoreKim Jong Sung By Kim Il Sung1468 Words   |  6 Pages Kim Il Sung, originally born Kim Song-ju, was born on April 15, 1912. Kim was born in a dark time for the Koreans due to the occupation of Korea by Japan. It was arou nd this time when North Koreans grew tired of being Japan’s puppets, and they were ready for a true Korean to stand up for them and take back their beloved country. Kim IL Sung was not born to become anyone important, and he was certainly not born to become the future dictator of North Korea. Kim’s family came from nowhere special

Graduate Degree Personal Statement - 646 Words

Graduate Degree: Personal Statement Any major transition in life brings with it new challenges. It is only natural for new circumstances to be accompanied by a variety of completely unfamiliar experiences, settings and lessons. Certainly this was true of my leap from high-school to college. Taking the next step in my education was something into which I entered with both excitement and apprehension as the course of these years could have a substantial influence in shaping my future. This mix of emotions would prove to be quite justified upon my admission to college. Simultaneously one of the most engaging and most rewarding periods of my life, my first few years at this university would present me with trial and inspiration in equal parts. I desire admission into a graduate degree program as a way of deepening both my knowledge and passion in my chosen field. Now, as I prepare to take the next step in my education, I am armed with the same readiness and excitement. As I seek an institution that is conducive to achieving my ongoing goals of academic growth and professional success, I look forward to bringing my talents and qualifications to my new graduate degree program. My research leads me to believe that the next important leap which I take will be elevated by admission to this institution, whose scholastic programs, campus community and qualified faculty appear to be a perfect match for my ambition. In light of my challenging but highly enriching collegeShow MoreRelatedApplying A Graduate School Is Looking Into What Interest You At Each School925 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the first steps toward applying to a graduate school is looking into what interest you in each school. This report discusses three different graduate programs in different graduate schools that offer with admission requirements that include, but not limited to, grade points average (GPA), graduate record examinations (GRE), Personal Statement, and transcripts. Moreover, it also provides information in regards of the intangibles of each program such as costs, location, and funding like assistanceshipsRead MoreGraduate Programs Comparison1324 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Graduate School Comparison Worksheet Choose three graduate programs that you are interested in researching. For each program, answer the following questions. School 1: University of California, Los Angeles Graduate Program Name: Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology 1 List the admission requirements for graduate studies in psychology. Universitys minimum requirements: i. All applicants are expected to submit a statement of purpose. ii. Admission is for Fall QuarterRead Moremission vision Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿NURS 6001: Foundations of Graduate Study INITIAL POST Mission Vision and Personal Goals I have been a nurse in the acute care setting for over 9 years and due to the changes in health care I have decided to pursue my professional goal in the part of a Family nurse practitioner; which will allow me provide advance nursing care. In order to achieve this goal, I have to advance my education, and Walden University has the capacity to provide me with information and skills required to achievingRead MoreI Am Born With Multiple Birth Defects, Including A Cleft Palate1670 Words   |  7 Pagesme. Education Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist is a two year graduate program. To be accepted in to this program you must receive a bachelor’s degree in nursing, be certified as a registered nurse, and complete a year of clinical experience in the intensive care unit. The school that I want to apply to is the University of South Florida. University of South Florida. I want to apply to University of South Florida graduate school because it is one of the top nursing schools in Florida. I cameRead MoreCollege Is The End Goal Of A High Standard Individual Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence the average person to go and not go to college, the extent of skills and experience, standard benefits, wages and stability . In my personal experience-- as a high school senior, family s experience,college attenders experience, and my personal life interest and options of my interest are my reasons for attending college ; impactful to my reasons to my statements are: readings of articles, and the new york times articles and others experience of the college process ; as disclosed in interviewsRead MorePersonal Review And Reflection Paper1262 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Review and Reflection Paper During the journey of my education, it was important to review and reflect on the activities and learning objectives that were completed. The purpose of this assignment was to discuss what was learned and what needed to be improved for the seven assignments that were required for this course, identify three valuable strengths with supporting evidence, identify three areas that need to be strengthened with supporting evidence, and list three goals with specificRead MoreThe Role Of Policy And Regulatory Guidelines1665 Words   |  7 Pagesaccredits baccalaureate and post graduate nursing programs, which excludes associate degree nursing programs (Commission, 2015). Through new ACA laws, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) disseminates grant money to those CCNE accredited programs. The guidelines to receive the grant funding states that the recipient must be a new baccalaureate graduate or post graduate nurse. Considering that there are many associate degree nursing pro grams with new graduates entering into practice it wouldRead MorePhysical Therapy And The Medical Field1624 Words   |  7 Pagesyear. Physical Therapist are ranked #20 in best pay jobs by U.S News and Money. (Best Paying Jobs) Graduate School Alabama State University -- ASU (Montgomery, AL) Typically the Doctorate of Physical Therapy degree is a post- baccalaureate 3-4 year program. The GRE is required for all applicants. Recommended scores for the GRE: Verbal -145, Quantitative- 140. The applicant must have a baccalaureate degree from an accredited educational institution with a minimum of a 3.0 GPA on a 4.0 scale. ApplicantsRead MoreGraduate Admissions Personal Statement : How Society And Social Stratification Affects Our Daily Lives1248 Words   |  5 PagesLisa Hutchins 8/3/2015 Graduate Admissions Personal Statement I have always been passionate about how society and social stratification affects our daily lives. I believe these issues are relevant to everyone, in everyday life, and sociology affects everyone on a personal level. When I was an undergraduate student, I had a professor that opened up my mind to the study of sociology. It was at that time, that I decided, I loved the subject so much that I wanted to someday teach it on a post-secondaryRead MorePersonal Development Is Worth The `` Investment ``814 Words   |  4 PagesROI for my personal development was worth the â€Å"investment†. I’m preparing to have my own environmental laboratory in the foreseeable future and being recognized, as an expert is important. #SCSEadvisor2 notes, typically doctoral programs usually involve a year or two of courses; six months to a year devoted to studying for a set of comprehensive examinations; and then full-time attention to researching and writing a dissertation. The last phase may take two to four or more years to complete. Also

Waste Water Treatment Processes Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Meaning OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT: Domestic effluent intervention or sewerage intervention, is the procedure of taking contaminations from effluent and family sewerage, both overflow ( wastewaters ) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological procedures to take physical, chemical and biological contaminations. Its aim is to bring forth an environmentally-safe fluid waste watercourse ( or treated wastewater ) and a solid waste ( or treated sludge ) suitable for disposal or reuse ( normally as farm fertiliser ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Water Treatment Processes Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using advanced engineering it is now possible to re-use sewerage wastewater for imbibing H2O, although Singapore is the lone state to implement such engineering on a production graduated table in its production of NEWater. 1.2 ORIGIN OF WASTE WATER Sewage is created by residential, institutional, and commercial and industrial constitutions and includes family waste liquid from lavatories, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed of via cloacas. In many countries, sewerage besides includes liquid waste from industry and commercialism. The separation and draining of family waste into greywater and blackwater is going more common in the developed universe, with greywater being permitted to be used for irrigating workss or recycled for blushing lavatories. Sewage may include stormwater overflow. Sewage systems capable of managing stormwater are known as combined systems. Combined sewer systems are normally avoided now because precipitation causes widely changing flows cut downing sewerage intervention works efficiency. Combined cloacas require much larger, more expensive, intervention installations than healthful cloacas. Heavy storm overflow may overpower the sewerage intervention system, doing a spill or flood. Sanitary cloacas are typically much smaller than combined cloacas, and they are non designed to transport stormwater. Backups of natural sewerage can happen if inordinate Infiltration/Inflow is allowed into a healthful cloaca system. Modern sewered developments be given to be provided with separate storm drain systems for rainwater. As rainfall travels over roofs and the land, it may pick up assorted contaminations including dirt atoms and other deposit, heavy metals, organic compounds, carnal waste, and oil and lubricating oil. ( See urban overflow. ) Some legal powers require stormwater to have some degree of intervention before being discharged straight into waterways. Examples of intervention procedures used for stormwater include keeping basins, wetlands, buried vaults with assorted sorts of media filters, and vortex centrifuges ( to take harsh solids ) . Chapter TWO 2.1 OVERVIEW OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES Sewage can be treated near to where it is created, a decentralized system, ( in infected armored combat vehicles, biofilters or aerophilic intervention systems ) , or be collected and transported via a web of pipes and pump Stationss to a municipal intervention works, a centralized system, ( see sewage and pipes and substructure ) . Sewage aggregation and intervention is typically capable to local, province and federal ordinances and criterions. Industrial beginnings of effluent frequently require specialised intervention processes as shown in the diagram below: Procedure Flow Diagramfor a typical intervention works via Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands ( SFCW ) Sewage intervention by and large involves three phases, called primary, secondary and third intervention. Primary intervention consists of temporarily keeping the sewerage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the underside while oil, lubricating oil and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating stuffs are removed and the staying liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary intervention. Secondary intervention removes dissolved and suspended biological affair. Secondary intervention is typically performed by autochthonal, water-borne microorganisms in a managed home ground. Secondary intervention may necessitate a separation procedure to take the microorganisms from the treated H2O prior to dispatch or third intervention. Third intervention is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary intervention in order to let rejection into a extremely sensitive or delicate ecosystem ( estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs etc. ) . Treated H2O is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically ( for illustration, by lagunas and microfiltration ) prior to dispatch into a watercourse, river, bay, laguna or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf class, green manner or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can besides be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural intents. 2.2 PRE-TREATMENT Pre-treatment removes stuffs that can be easy collected from the natural waste H2O before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary intervention clarifiers ( rubbish, tree limbs, foliages, etc. ) . Screening The inflowing sewerage H2O is screened to take all big objects like tins, shreds, sticks, fictile packages etc. carried in the sewerage watercourse. This is most normally done with an automated automatically raked saloon screen in modern workss functioning big populations, whilst in smaller or less modern workss a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical saloon screen is typically paced harmonizing to the accretion on the saloon screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and subsequently disposed in a landfill or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of changing sizes may be used to optimise solids remotion. If gross solids are non removed they become entrained in pipes and traveling parts of the intervention works and can do significant harm and inefficiency in the procedure. GRIT REMOVAL Pre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the speed of the entrance effluent is adjusted to let the colony of sand, grit, rocks, and broken glass. These atoms are removed because they may damage pumps and other equipment. For little healthful cloaca systems, the grit Chamberss may non be necessary, but grit remotion is desirable at larger workss. FAT AND GREASE REMOVAL In some larger workss, fat and lubricating oil is removed by go throughing the sewerage through a little armored combat vehicle where skimmers collect the fat natation on the surface. Air blowers in the base of the armored combat vehicle may besides be used to assist retrieve the fat as a foam. In most workss nevertheless, fat and lubricating oil remotion takes topographic point in the primary colony armored combat vehicle utilizing mechanical surface skimmers. 2.3 PRIMARY TREATMENT In the primary deposit phase, sewerage flows through big armored combat vehicles, normally called â€Å" primary clarifiers † or â€Å" primary deposit armored combat vehicles. † The armored combat vehicles are used to settle sludge while lubricating oil and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed off. Primary settling armored combat vehicles are normally equipped with automatically goaded scrapers that continually drive the gathered sludge towards a hopper in the base of the armored combat vehicle where it is pumped to sludge intervention installations. Grease and oil from the drifting stuff can sometimes be recovered for saponification. The dimensions of the armored combat vehicle should be designed to consequence remotion of a high per centum of the floatables and sludge. A typical deposit armored combat vehicle may take from 60 to 65 per centum of suspended solids, and from 30 to 35 per centum of biochemical O demand ( BOD ) from the sewerage. 2.4 SECONDARY TREATMENT Secondary intervention is designed to well degrade the biological content of the sewerage which are derived from human waste, nutrient waste, soaps and detergent. The bulk of municipal workss handle the settled sewerage spirits utilizing aerophilic biological procedures. To be effectual, the biology necessitate both O and nutrient to populate. The bacterium and Protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminations ( e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain C molecules, etc. ) and adhere much of the less soluble fractions into floc. Secondary intervention systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems. Fixed-film or affiliated growing systems include dribbling filters and revolving biological contactors, where the biomass grows on media and the sewerage passes over its surface. Suspended-growth systems include activated sludge, where the biomass is assorted with the sewerage and can be operated in a smaller infinite than fixed-film systems that treat the same sum of H2O. However, fixed-film systems are more able to get by with drastic alterations in the sum of biological stuff and can supply higher remotion rates for organic stuff and suspended solids than suspended growing systems. [ 6 ] :11-13 Rough ining filters are intended to handle peculiarly strong or variable organic tonss, typically industrial, to let them to so be treated by conventional secondary intervention procedures. Features include filters filled with media to which effluent is applied. They are designed to let high hydraulic burden and a high degree of aeration. On larger installings, air is forced through the media utilizing blowers. The attendant effluent is normally within the normal scope for conventional intervention procedures. A generalised, conventional diagram of an activated sludge procedure. A filter removes a little per centum of the suspended organic affair, while the bulk of the organic affair undergoes a alteration of character, merely due to the biological oxidization and nitrification taking topographic point in the filter. With this aerophilic oxidization and nitrification, the organic solids are converted into coagulated suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and can settle to the underside of a armored combat vehicle. The wastewater of the filter is hence passed through a deposit armored combat vehicle, called a secondary clarifier, secondary subsiding armored combat vehicle or humus armored combat vehicle. ACTIVATED SLUDGE In general, activated sludge workss encompass a assortment of mechanisms and procedures that use dissolved O to advance the growing of biological floc that well removes organic stuff. The procedure traps particulate stuff and can, under ideal conditions, convert ammonium hydroxide to nitrite and nitrate and finally to nitrogen gas. SURFACE-AERATED BASINS ( LAGOONS ) Many little municipal sewerage systems in the United States ( 1 million gal./day or less ) usage aerated lagunas. Most biological oxidization processes for handling industrial effluents have in common the usage of O ( or air ) and microbic action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90 per centum remotion of BOD with keeping times of 1 to 10 yearss. The basins may run in deepness from 1.5 to 5.0 meters and utilize motor-driven aerators drifting on the surface of the effluent. In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two maps: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidization reactions, and they provide the commixture required for scattering the air and for reaching the reactants ( that is, O, effluent and bug ) . Typically, the drifting surface aerators are rated to present the sum of air tantamount to 1.8 to 2.7A kilograms OHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen † 2/kWA ·h. However, they do non supply as good commixture as is usually achieved in activated sludge systems and hence aerated basins do non accomplish the same public presentation degree as activated sludge units. Biological oxidization procedures are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 A °C and 40 A °C, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vass operate at between 4 A °C and 32 A °C. CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS Constructed wetlands ( can either be surface flow or subsurface flow, horizontal or perpendicular flow ) , include engineered reedbeds and belong to the household of phytorestoration and ecotechnologies ; they provide a high grade of biological betterment and depending on design, act as a primary, secondary and sometimes third intervention, besides see phytoremediation. One illustration is a little reedbed used to clean the drainage from the elephants ‘ enclosure at Chester Zoo in England ; legion CWs are used to recycle the H2O of the metropolis of Honfleur in France and legion other towns in Europe, the US, Asia and Australia. They are known to be extremely productive systems as they copy natural wetlands, called the â€Å" Kidneys of the Earth † for their cardinal recycling capacity of the hydrological rhythm in the biosphere. Robust and dependable, their intervention capacities improve as clip spell by, at the antonym of conventional intervention workss whose machine ry age with clip. They are being progressively used, although equal and experient design are more cardinal than for other systems and infinite restriction may hinder their usage. FILTER BEDS ( OXIDIZING BEDS ) In older workss and those having variable burdens, dribbling filter beds are used where the settled sewerage spirits is spread onto the surface of a bed made up of coke ( carbonized coal ) , limestone french friess or specially fabricated fictile media. Such media must hold big surface countries to back up the biofilms that form. The spirits is typically distributed through perforated spray weaponries. The distributed spirits drips through the bed and is collected in drains at the base. These drains besides provide a beginning of air which percolates up through the bed, maintaining it aerophilic. Biological movies of bacteriums, Protozoa and fungi signifier on the media ‘s surfaces and eat or otherwise cut down the organic content. This biofilm is frequently grazed by insect larvae, snails, and worms which help keep an optimum thickness. Overloading of beds increases the thickness of the movie taking to clogging of the filter media and ponding on the surface. SOIL BIO-TECHNOLOGY A new procedure called Soil Bio-Technology ( SBT ) developed at IIT Bombay has shown enormous betterments in procedure efficiency enabling entire H2O reuse, due to highly low runing power demands of less than 50 Js per kilogram of treated H2O. Typically SBT systems can accomplish chemical O demand ( COD ) degrees less than 10A mg/L from sewerage input of COD 400A mg/L. SBT workss exhibit high decreases in COD values and bacterial counts as a consequence of the really high microbic densenesss available in the media. Unlike conventional intervention workss, SBT workss produce undistinguished sums of sludge, preventing the demand for sludge disposal countries that are required by other engineerings. BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTERS Biological Aerated ( or Anoxic ) Filter ( BAF ) or Biofilters combine filtration with biological C decrease, nitrification or denitrification. BAF normally includes a reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in suspension or supported by a crushed rock bed at the pes of the filter. The double intent of this media is to back up extremely active biomass that is attached to it and to filtrate suspended solids. Carbon decrease and ammonium hydroxide transition occurs in aerophilic manner and sometime achieved in a individual reactor while nitrate transition occurs in anoxic manner. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow constellation depending on design specified by maker. Conventional diagram of a typical revolving biological contactor ( RBC ) . The treated wastewater clarifier/settler is non included in the diagram. ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS Revolving biological contactors ( RBCs ) are mechanical secondary intervention systems, which are robust and capable of defying rushs in organic burden. RBCs were foremost installed in Germany in 1960 and have since been developed and refined into a dependable operating unit. The revolving discs back up the growing of bacteriums and micro-organisms nowadays in the sewerage, which break down and brace organic pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both O to populate and nutrient to turn. Oxygen is obtained from the ambiance as the discs rotate. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the revolving phonograph record in the sewerage. Effluent from the RBC is so passed through concluding clarifiers where the microorganisms in suspension settee as a sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for farther intervention. A functionally similar biological filtering system has become popular as portion of place fish tank filtration and purification. The fish tank H2O is drawn up out of the armored combat vehicle and so cascaded over a freely whirling corrugated fiber-mesh wheel before go throughing through a media filter and back into the fish tank. The whirling mesh wheel develops a biofilm coating of micro-organisms that feed on the suspended wastes in the fish tank H2O and are besides exposed to the ambiance as the wheel rotates. This is particularly good at taking waste. MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS Membrane bioreactors ( MBR ) combine activated sludge intervention with a membrane liquid-solid separation procedure. The membrane constituent uses low force per unit area microfiltration or extremist filtration membranes and eliminates the demand for elucidation and third filtration. The membranes are typically immersed in the aeration armored combat vehicle ; nevertheless, some applications utilize a separate membrane armored combat vehicle. One of the cardinal benefits of an MBR system is that it efficaciously overcomes the restrictions associated with hapless subsiding of sludge in conventional activated sludge ( CAS ) processes. The engineering permits bioreactor operation with well higher assorted spirits suspended solids ( MLSS ) concentration than CAS systems, which are limited by sludge subsiding. The procedure is typically operated at MLSS in the scope of 8,000-12,000A mg/L, while CAS are operated in the scope of 2,000-3,000A mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration in the MBR procedure allows for really effectual remotion of both soluble and particulate biodegradable stuffs at higher burden rates. Therefore increased sludge keeping times, normally transcending 15 yearss, guarantee complete nitrification even in highly cold conditions. SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION The concluding measure in the secondary intervention phase is to settle out the biological floc or filter stuff through a secondary clarifier and to bring forth sewage H2O incorporating low degrees of organic stuff and suspended affair. TERTIARY TREATMENT The intent of third intervention is to supply a concluding intervention phase to raise the outflowing quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment ( sea, river, lake, land, etc. ) . More than one third intervention procedure may be used at any intervention works. If disinfection is practiced, it is ever the concluding procedure. It is besides called â€Å" outflowing shining. † Filtration Sand filtration removes much of the residuary suspended affair. Filtration over activated C, besides called C surface assimilation, removes residuary toxins. LAGOONING Lagooning provides colony and farther biological betterment through storage in big semisynthetic pools or lagunas. These lagunas are extremely aerophilic and colonisation by native macrophytes, particularly reeds, is frequently encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphnia and species of Rotifera greatly assist in intervention by taking all right particulates. NUTRIENT REMOVAL Effluent may incorporate high degrees of the foods N and P. Excessive release to the environment can take to a physique up of foods, called eutrophication, which can in bend encourage the giantism of weeds, algae, and blue-green algaes ( bluish green algae ) . This may do an algal bloom, a rapid growing in the population of algae. The algae Numberss are unsustainable and finally most of them die. The decomposition of the algae by bacteriums uses up so much of O in the H2O that most or all of the animate beings die, which creates more organic affair for the bacteriums to break up. In add-on to doing deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate imbibing H2O supplies. Different intervention procedures are required to take N and P. NITROGEN REMOVAL The remotion of N is effected through the biological oxidization of N from ammonium hydroxide to nitrate ( nitrification ) , followed by denitrification, the decrease of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the ambiance and therefore removed from the H2O. Nitrification itself is a two-step aerophilic procedure, each measure facilitated by a different type of bacteriums. The oxidization of ammonium hydroxide ( NH3 ) to nitrite ( NO2a?’ ) is most frequently facilitated by Nitrosomonas spp. ( nitroso mentioning to the formation of a nitroso functional group ) . Nitrite oxidization to nitrate ( NO3a?’ ) , though traditionally believed to be facilitated by Nitrobacter spp. ( nitro mentioning the formation of a nitro functional group ) , is now known to be facilitated in the environment about entirely by Nitrospira spp. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to promote the appropriate biological communities to organize. It is facilitated by a broad diverseness of bacteriums. Sand filters, lagooning and reed beds can all be used to cut down N, but the activated sludge procedure ( if designed good ) can make the occupation the most easy. Since denitrification is the decrease of nitrate to dinitrogen gas, an negatron giver is needed. This can be, depending on the effluent, organic affair ( from fecal matters ) , sulfide, or an added giver like methyl alcohol. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL Phosphorus remotion is of import as it is a confining food for algae growing in many fresh H2O systems. ( For a description of the negative effects of algae, see Nutrient remotion ) . It is besides peculiarly of import for H2O reuse systems where high P concentrations may take to fouling of downstream equipment such as rearward osmosis. Phosphorus can be removed biologically in a procedure called enhanced biological P remotion. In this procedure, specific bacterium, called polyphosphate roll uping beings ( PAOs ) , are selectively enriched and roll up big measures of P within their cells ( up to 20 per centum of their mass ) . When the biomass enriched in these bacteriums is separated from the treated H2O, these biosolids have a high fertiliser value. Phosphorus remotion can besides be achieved by chemical precipitation, normally with salts of Fe ( e.g. ferrous chloride ) , aluminium ( e.g. alum ) , or lime. This may take to inordinate sludge production as hydrated oxides precipitates and the added chemicals can be expensive. Chemical P remotion requires significantly smaller equipment footmark than biological remotion, is easier to run and is frequently more dependable than biological P remotion. Another method for P remotion is to utilize farinaceous laterite. Once removed, P, in the signifier of a phosphate-rich sludge, may be stored in a land fill or resold for usage in fertiliser. Disinfection The intent of disinfection in the intervention of waste H2O is to well cut down the figure of micro-organisms in the H2O to be discharged back into the environment. The effectivity of disinfection depends on the quality of the H2O being treated ( e.g. , cloud cover, pH, etc. ) , the type of disinfection being used, the bactericidal dose ( concentration and clip ) , and other environmental variables. Cloudy H2O will be treated less successfully, since solid affair can screen organisms, particularly from ultraviolet visible radiation or if contact times are low. By and large, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effectual disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone, Cl, ultraviolet visible radiation, or Na hypochlorite. Chloramine, which is used for imbibing H2O, is non used in waste H2O intervention because of its continuity. Chlorination remains the most common signifier of waste H2O disinfection in North America due to its low cost and long-run history of effectivity. One disadvantage is that chlorination of residuary organic stuff can bring forth chlorinated-organic compounds that may be carcinogenic or harmful to the environment. Residual Cl or chloramines may besides be capable of chlorinating organic stuff in the natural aquatic environment. Further, because residuary Cl is toxic to aquatic species, the treated wastewater must besides be chemically dechlorinated, adding to the complexness and cost of intervention. Ultraviolet ( UV ) light can be used alternatively of Cl, I, or other chemicals. Because no chemicals are used, the treated H2O has no inauspicious consequence on beings that subsequently devour it, as may be the instance with other methods. UV radiation causes harm to the familial construction of bacteriums, viruses, and other pathogens, doing them incapable of reproduction. The cardinal disadvantages of UV disinfection are the demand for frequent lamp care and replacing and the demand for a extremely treated wastewater to guarantee that the mark micro-organisms are non shielded from the UV radiation ( i.e. , any solids nowadays in the treated wastewater may protect micro-organisms from the UV visible radiation ) . In the United Kingdom, UV visible radiation is going the most common agencies of disinfection because of the concerns about the impacts of Cl in chlorinating residuary organics in the effluent and in chlorinating organics in the receiving H2O. Some sewerage intervention s ystems in Canada and the US besides use UV visible radiation for their outflowing H2O disinfection. Ozone ( O3 ) is generated by go throughing O ( O2 ) through a high electromotive force possible resulting in a 3rd O atom going attached and organizing O3. Ozone is really unstable and reactive and oxidizes most organic stuff it comes in contact with, thereby destructing many infective micro-organisms. Ozone is considered to be safer than Cl because, unlike Cl which has to be stored on site ( extremely toxicant in the event of an inadvertent release ) , ozone is generated onsite as needed. Ozonation besides produces fewer disinfection byproducts than chlorination. A disadvantage of ozone disinfection is the high cost of the ozone coevals equipment and the demands for particular operators. ODOUR CONTROL Smells emitted by sewerage intervention are typically an indicant of an anaerobic or â€Å" infected † status. Early phases of processing will be given to bring forth fetid gases, with H sulphide being most common in bring forthing ailments. Large procedure workss in urban countries will frequently handle the smells with C reactors, a contact media with bio-slimes, little doses of Cl, or go arounding fluids to biologically capture and metabolise the objectionable gases. Other methods of odour control exist, including add-on of Fe salts, H peroxide, Ca nitrate, etc. to pull off H sulphide degrees. Package Plants AND BATCH REACTORS To utilize less infinite, dainty hard waste and intermittent flows, a figure of designs of intercrossed intervention workss have been produced. Such workss frequently combine at least two phases of the three chief intervention phases into one combined phase. In the UK, where a big figure of effluent intervention workss serve little populations, bundle workss are a feasible option to constructing a big construction for each procedure phase. In the US, bundle workss are typically used in rural countries, main road remainder Michigans and dawdler Parkss. One type of system that combines secondary intervention and colony is the sequencing batch reactor ( SBR ) . Typically, activated sludge is assorted with natural entrance sewerage, and so assorted and aerated. The settled sludge is run away and re-aerated before a proportion is returned to the headworks. SBR workss are now being deployed in many parts of the universe. The disadvantage of the SBR procedure is that it requires a precise control of timing, blending and aeration. This preciseness is typically achieved with computing machine controls linked to detectors. Such a complex, delicate system is unsuited to topographic points where controls may be undependable, ill maintained, or where the power supply may be intermittent. Extended aeration bundle workss use separate basins for aeration and subsiding, and are slightly larger than SBR workss with decreased timing sensitiveness. Package workss may be referred to every bit high charged or low charged. This refers to the manner the biological burden is processed. In high charged systems, the biological phase is presented with a high organic burden and the combined floc and organic stuff is so oxygenated for a few hours before being charged once more with a new burden. In the low charged system the biological phase contains a low organic burden and is combined with flocculate for longer times. SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL The sludges accumulated in a effluent intervention procedure must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effectual mode. The intent of digestion is to cut down the sum of organic affair and the figure of disease-causing micro-organisms present in the solids. The most common intervention options include anaerobiotic digestion, aerophilic digestion, and composting. Incineration is besides used albeit to a much lesser grade. Sludge intervention depends on the sum of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. Composting is most frequently applied to small-scale workss with aerophilic digestion for mid sized operations, and anaerobiotic digestion for the larger-scale operations. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION Anaerobic digestion is a bacterial procedure that is carried out in the absence of O. The procedure can either be thermophilic digestion, in which sludge is fermented in armored combat vehicles at a temperature of 55A °C, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36A °C. Though leting shorter keeping clip ( and therefore smaller armored combat vehicles ) , thermophilic digestion is more expensive in footings of energy ingestion for heating the sludge. Anaerobic digestion is the most common ( mesophilic ) intervention of domestic sewerage in infected armored combat vehicles, which usually retain the sewerage from one twenty-four hours to two yearss, cut downing the BOD by approximately 35 to 40 per centum. This decrease can be increased with a combination of anaerobiotic and aerophilic intervention by put ining Aerobic Treatment Units ( ATUs ) in the infected armored combat vehicle. One major characteristic of anaerobiotic digestion is the production of biogas ( with the most utile constituent being methane ) , which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for warming intents. AEROBIC DIGESTION Aerobic digestion is a bacterial procedure happening in the presence of O. Under aerophilic conditions, bacteriums quickly consume organic affair and change over it into C dioxide. The operating costs used to be characteristically much greater for aerophilic digestion because of the energy used by the blowers, pumps and motors needed to add O to the procedure. Aerobic digestion can besides be achieved by utilizing diffuser systems or jet aerators to oxidise the sludge. COMPOSTING Composting is besides an aerophilic procedure that involves blending the sludge with beginnings of C such as sawdust, straw or wood french friess. In the presence of O, bacterium digest both the effluent solids and the added C beginning and, in making so, produce a big sum of heat. Incineration Incineration of sludge is less common because of air emanations concerns and the auxiliary fuel ( typically natural gases or fuel oil ) required to fire the low calorific value sludge and zap residuary H2O. Stepped multiple fireplace incinerators with high abode clip and fluidized bed incinerators are the most common systems used to burn effluent sludge. Co-firing in municipal waste-to-energy workss is on occasion done, this option being less expensive presuming the installations already exist for solid waste and there is no demand for subsidiary fuel. Chapter THREE TERTIARY TREATMENT 3.1 SLUDGE DISPOSAL When a liquid sludge is produced, farther intervention may be required to do it suited for concluding disposal. Typically, sludges are thickened ( dewatered ) to cut down the volumes transported off-site for disposal. There is no procedure which wholly eliminates the demand to dispose of biosolids. There is, nevertheless, an extra measure some metropoliss are taking to superheat sludge and change over it into little pelletized granules that are high in N and other organic stuffs. In New York City, for illustration, several sewerage intervention workss have dewatering installations that use big extractors along with the add-on of chemicals such as polymer to farther take liquid from the sludge. The removed fluid, called centrate, is typically reintroduced into the effluent procedure. The merchandise which is left is called â€Å" bar † and that is picked up by companies which turn it into fertilizer pellets. This merchandise is so sold to local husbandmans and sod farms as a di rt amendment or fertiliser, cut downing the sum of infinite required to dispose of sludge in landfills. Much sludge arising from commercial or industrial countries is contaminated with toxic stuffs that are released into the cloacas from the industrial procedures. Elevated concentrations of such stuffs may do the sludge unsuitable for agricultural usage and it may so hold to be incinerated or disposed of to landfill. 3.2 TREATMENT IN THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT Many procedures in a effluent intervention works are designed to mime the natural intervention processes that occur in the environment, whether that environment is a natural H2O organic structure or the land. If non overloaded, bacteriums in the environment will devour organic contaminations, although this will cut down the degrees of O in the H2O and may significantly alter the overall ecology of the receiving H2O. Native bacterial populations feed on the organic contaminations, and the Numberss of disease-causing micro-organisms are reduced by natural environmental conditions such as predation or exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Consequently, in instances where the receiving environment provides a high degree of dilution, a high grade of effluent intervention may non be required. However, recent grounds has demonstrated that really low degrees of specific contaminations in effluent, including endocrines ( from animate being farming and residue from human hormonal contraceptive me thod methods ) and man-made stuffs such as phthalates that mimic endocrines in their action, can hold an unpredictable inauspicious impact on the natural biology and potentially on worlds if the H2O is re-used for imbibing H2O. [ 21 ] In the US and EU, uncontrolled discharges of effluent to the environment are non permitted under jurisprudence, and rigorous H2O quality demands are to be met. ( For demands in the US, see Clean Water Act. ) A important menace in the coming decennaries will be the increasing uncontrolled discharges of effluent within quickly developing states. 3.3 SEWAGE TREATMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Few dependable figures on the portion of the effluent collected in cloacas that is being treated in the universe exist. In many developing states the majority of domestic and industrial effluent is discharged without any intervention or after primary intervention merely. In Latin America about 15 % of gathered effluent base on ballss through intervention workss ( with varying degrees of existent intervention ) . In Venezuela, a below mean state in South America with regard to wastewater intervention, 97 per centum of the state ‘s sewerage is discharged natural into the environment. In a comparatively developed Middle Eastern state such as Iran, Tehran ‘s bulk of population has wholly untreated sewerage injected to the metropolis ‘s groundwater. However now the building of major parts of the sewerage system, aggregation and intervention, in Tehran is about complete, and under development, due to be to the full completed by the terminal of 2012. In Israel, approximately 50 per centum of agricultural H2O use ( entire usage was 1 billion three-dimensional meters in 2008 ) is provided through reclaimed cloaca H2O. Future programs call for increased usage of treated cloaca H2O every bit good as more desalinization workss. How to cite Waste Water Treatment Processes Environmental Sciences Essay, Essays

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Question: Discuss about theGeneralized Anxiety Disorder. Answer: Introduction Anxiety is a very common mental disorder that can affect anyone. The problems related to occasional anxiety can occur at any time and with anyone. The feeling of fear and being anxious becomes common while working, in studies and facing some kind of challenging situation. Occasional anxiety problems are very common. The feeling of fear can be a common problem, but presence of anxiety disorder is different from this general state. When the level of anxiousness and stress increases to the normal level and becomes a temporary state is related with anxiety disorder. The problem of anxiety can get worse with time, if left untreated. The problem and symptoms of anxiety can be a barrier in daily routine, studies, and job and can even affect relationships and social aspects of ones life. This essay will focus on the case study of Georgia, who is a 22 years old girl. According to the information provided by Georgia, she has been facing difficulty in concentrating on her studies. She finds difficulty in completing her assignments and at the time of exams she feels panicky. In such conditions, she feels shortness of breath and also feels that her heart is pounding. She has lack of social support and lives alone in a flat near her University. She could not even get a driving license, as she found that driving test was too stressful and she almost had an accident in the second attempt to give driving test. The essay will focus on the current problem of Georgia. The paper will discuss the comprehensive details about the mental health problem and will discuss the importance of personal recovery. Paper will also discuss the mental health needs of Georgia and will provide the implications about the role of healthcare professional. Sound Understanding of Mental Illness According to the given subjective and objective data in the case study, Georgia suffers from Anxiety disorder. This kind of mental illness is very prevalent in Australia. The diagnosis of this mental illness is very important, as this mental illness can alter the behavior, mood and thinking ability of the individual. Anxiety disorder can result in mental impairment that interferes with daily life functioning (Lader, 2015, p. 699). Anxiety disorders can be divided in different subgroups and according to the symptoms displayed in case of Georgia, she has been suffering with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. This is the very first phase of the anxiety disorder and symptoms can vary in patients. Some of the most common physical symptoms of GAD are fatigue, shortness of breath, difficulty in concentrating, sleeping problems, irritability, sweating and feeling of nausea at times (Lader, 2015, p. 701). In the case of Georgia she has been facing all these symptoms. Some of the psychological symptoms of GAD are persistent worrying and inability to let go of the worries (Lissek et al, 2014, p. 911). The patient finds difficulty in resting and concentrating on important things can also become challenging (Hanna, 2015, p. 141). Georgia is also facing all of these challenges in her life, which are making her situation more difficult. Earlier she used to go out with her friends, but now she prefers to stay at home. The GAD is the problem, which gets worse over time (Hanna, 2015, p. 141), and Georgias condition has also worsened in past six months. Anxiety disorders can occur due to various environmental and genetic reasons. The highest risk factor in the case of anxiety disorder is having a family history of disease (McGrandles, Duffy, 2012, p. 49). According to the information provided by Georgia, her mother suffers from anxiety disorder. Georgia is non-smoker and use alcohol occasional ly. Personal Recovery and Its Importance of Georgia Personal recovery is a very effective approach for mental disorders. This approach is useful for people, as it helps to improve their self-esteem and also increases confidence. The person centered approach in mental healthcare has proved to be very beneficial. To address the mood and anxiety disorder, person centered approach is applied. Personal recovery concept is based on the person centered approach and model of recovery focus on the personal aspects and needs of the patients (Coulombe et al, 2016, p. 5). The personal recovery approach recommends supporting and engaging people in self-management as a recovery avenue. Though there is lack of evidences that proves the importance of the self-management strategies (Coulombe et al, 2016, p. 5). The contemporary approach in the metal health services is based on supporting people and promoting their engagement in their recovery process rather than providing a comprehensive treatment plan (Storm, Edwards, 2013, p. 312). This approach considers and respects the autonomy and dignity of the patients. The concept behind recovery is to reduce the clinical symptoms of mental illness, but the personal recovery approach is based on the recovery path and focus on overall well-being of the individual. Providing a way to meaningful life is the base of personal recovery and person centered approach (Coulombe et al, 2016, p. 7). The aim of this concept is to strengthen people to engage in their own well-being. Thus, the complete process of the personal recovery focuses on all aspects of life, through which it aims to support people in self management of their mental health issue. Georgia lives alone in a flat and lives away from her parents. Since last two years she had not had any relationships, and due to her mental health problem, she has also withdrawn from social engagements. Lack of personal and social support can deteriorate her condition in future and she may suffer from more sever anxiety condition (McEvoy et al, 2012, p. 1378). The person centered approach in Personal recovery model focuses on developing resilience and coping skills in Georgia. The personal recovery approach will focus on changing the thinking process and feelings of Georgia, as it does not believe in just reducing the symptoms of illness, but focus on changing the thinking and attitude of the patient for healthy life (Whitley, Drake, 2010, p. 10). The personal recovery will encompass clinical as well as personal aspects. It will focus on reducing the clinical symptoms; as well will bring improvement in emotional, spiritual and social aspects of living (Provencher, Keyes, 2013, p. 279). The personal recovery approach will give importance to the person and not to the illness. It will focus on the way of recovery and not only the outcomes of the treatment. Personal recovery will help Georgia to improve her attitude towards stressful situation and she will learn to develop resilience and coping. Nexus Between Mental Health and Physical Health People suffering with mental disorders often face physical problems. The relationship between mental health and physical health is very important relationship. With appropriate mental health, person cannot have good physical health. According to the study of Hert et al (2011, p. 55), the lifespan of the people suffering with mental disorder is lesser than general population, which indicates the relationship between mental and physical health. The mortality in such cases is due to ill physical health. The evidence based study of Parks et al (2006, p. 25) display that there is a prevalence of many kind of physical health problems in people suffering with depression and anxiety. The people suffering with mental illness may have higher risk associated with being affected by obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The mental health problems can affect the daily life functioning of an individual and can also affect their personal and social relationships. According to the given case scenario, mental health condition of Georgia has deteriorated her physical health, as she often feels tired and even experience shortness of breath. She also suffers from sleeping problems, which can result in Insomnia. Thus mental illness is a major risk factor for many non-communicable diseases, and individual can become self-care deficit in future (Kolappa, Henderson, Kishore, 2013, p. 3). The psychological distress can expose the individual to many chronic diseases and reduce their quality of life. The higher level of physical health problems are associated with reduced quality of life, low mood and depression. Thus nexus between mental and physical health is very significant and requires to be addressed in case of Georgia. Mental Health Needs of Georgia It is important to address the mental health needs of the patient. This will help in developing appropriate health interventions and will also improve patient outcomes. Georgia suffers from generalized anxiety disorder, which is affecting her psychological and physical health. The first requirement of Georgia is to have emotional support system. The professionals are required to make therapeutic relationship with Georgia, so that she can talk about her problems and fears. Therapeutic relationship will help to empower and encourage patients towards achieving their goals and to instill hope in them. The person centered approach will be applied to provide support to the patient, so that she can feel confident and safe (Fisher, 2011, p. 11). The personal recovery approach for Georgia will focus on reclaiming sense of safety and security. Due to lack of family support, she may feel vulnerable towards her condition and may not be able to cope up with her anxiety and stress. For the purpose of developing coping skills, she needs educational sessions and support of her family. Cognitive behavioral therapy could be an effective measure to understand the needs of Georgia. This will also help to effectively prevent the relapses and for maintaining her well-being. Communication and counseling programs will be used to understand her mental state and her needs. Communication will help to make effective intervention with the patient and will also help in making goal based interventions. She requires facing her fears and developing self-esteem, thus nursing care plans will help her to develop self-esteem and to face her fears directly. Implications for the Practice as Healthcare Professional The role of mental healthcare professional is very significant. The professional are required to provide patient centered care with the approach of personal recovery. For developing holistic well-being in patient Healthcare professionals are required to be more focused towards needs of the patient. For the purpose of future practice, I would implement that therapeutic role and developing trustful relationships with patients. Maintaining professional boundaries is also important (Wahass, 2005, p. 53). The future practice will be based on the biopsychosocial approach that will focus on physical, psychological and social well-being of the patients. For providing quality care to the patients it is important to understand and practice different aspects of treatment. Biopsychosocial approach views the physical health and illness as interrelated concepts. It also encompasses various factors such as genetic, social, behavioral and cultural that affects the health and well-being of an individual (Miller, Druss, 2013, p. 112). Thus, future implications will be based on developing more skills about cultural awareness, competency, personal needs of patient and their identity in society. Conclusion Mental health problems are present in Australia. People suffer from various kind of mental health problems, but the most common mental health issue is anxiety disorder. The paper is based on the case study f Georgia, who is a 22 years old University student and has been facing stress and anxious feeling in her daily life. Her problems has been increasing with time, according to self reported data, she feels panicky at the time of test and find difficulty in concentrating on her studies. This case study is used to prepare this paper about mental health problems related to Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The paper discussed the comprehensive understanding and details about the Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The paper demonstrated that accurate and detailed information about the mental disorder. With the help of relevant and current literature provide comprehensive information about the illness. The paper also provides information about person centered approach of personal recovery. This approach is found to be very significant for Georgia. The relationship between mental health and physical health has been discussed with relevant resources. The paper also included the importance of recognizing and responding towards the needs of the patient to promote overall well-being. References Coulombe, S., Radziszewski, S., Meunier, S., Provencher, H., Hudon, C., Roberge, P., ... Houle, J. 2016, Profiles of Recovery from Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Person-Centered Exploration of People's Engagement in Self-Management,Frontiers in psychology,7. Fisher, J. E. M. 2011, The therapeutic role of the mental health nurse: implications for thepractice of psychological therapies. Hanna, L. 2015, Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD),Psychiatry: Breaking the ICE Introductions, Common Tasks, Emergencies for Trainees, 141. HERT, M., Correll, C. U., Bobes, J., CETKOVICH?BAKMAS, M. A. R. C. E. L. O., Cohen, D. N., Asai, I., ... Newcomer, J. W. 2011, Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders, I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care.World psychiatry,10(1), 52-77. Kolappa, K., Henderson, D. C., Kishore, S. P. 2013, No physical health without mentalhealth: lessons unlearned?.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,91(1), 3-3a. Lader, M. 2015, Generalized anxiety disorder. InEncyclopedia of Psychopharmacology(pp.699-702), Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Lissek, S., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Rabin, S., Geraci, M., Pine, D. S., Grillon, C. 2014, Generalized anxiety disorder is associated with overgeneralization of classically conditioned fear,Biological psychiatry,75(11), 909-915. McGrandles, A., Duffy, T. 2012, Assessment and treatment of patients with anxiety, NursingStandard, 26(35), 48-56 McEvoy, P., Schauman, O., Mansell, W., Morris, L. 2012, The experience of recovery fromthe perspective of people with common mental health problems: Findings from a telephone survey,International journal of nursing studies,49(11), 1375-1382. Miller, B. F., Druss, B. 2013, The role of family physicians in mental health care delivery inthe United States: implications for health reform,The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,26(2), 111-113. Parks, J., Svendsen, D., Singer, P., Foti, M. E., Mauer, B. 2006, Morbidity and mortality inpeople with serious mental illness,Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD) Medical Directors Council,25. Provencher, H. L., Keyes, C. L. 2013, Recovery: A complete mental health perspective. InMental Well-Being(pp. 277-297), Springer Netherlands. Storm, M., Edwards, A. 2013, Models of User Involvement in Mental Health. InPatient-Centred Health Care(pp. 214-227), Palgrave Macmillan UK. Storm, M., Edwards, A. 2013, Models of user involvement in the mental health context:intentions and implementation challenges,Psychiatric Quarterly,84(3), 313-327. Wahass, S. H. 2005, The role of psychologists in health care delivery, Journal of family community medicine,12(2), 63. Whitley, R., Drake, R. E. 2010, Recovery: a dimensional approach, Psychiatric Services.

Love Vs Society In Madame Bovary Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Jennifer Bigsby November 27, 2000 In an ideal universe, like the one Emma Bovary yearns for in Flaubert? s book Madame Bovary, romantic relationships are based on the rule that the two participants are frantically in love with each other. But in the universe Gustave Flaubert pigments in his book, as in the existent universe, passion and personal addition are the lone grounds people enter into a relationship. Before run intoing Emma, Charles Bovary weds a much older adult female. He? had seen in matrimony the coming of an easier life, believing he would be more free to make as he liked with himself and his money. ? ( P. 7 ) But he besides laments that? his married woman was master ; he had to state this and non state that in company, to fast every Friday, frock as she liked, harass at her command those patients who did non pay. ? ( p. 7 ) These are clearly non the marks of loving relationships ; so, Charles and Madame Dubuc dainty matrimony as a job or formality, and non a pleasance. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Vs Society In Madame Bovary Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Charles takes his 2nd married woman, Emma, love is, one time once more, non involved. He muses that her male parent, ? old Rouault was rich, and she! -so beautiful! ? ( p. 15 ) He knows he will be get marrieding into a affluent household, and he will be obtaining a? trophy wife. ? As for Emma? s portion in the matrimony, she has no say whatsoever. Her male parent in exchange for a dowery gives her to Charles. So, before she is even married, the work forces already treat her like a movable in her life. Their intervention of her by work forces lend in portion to her wretchedness. The humdrum of day-to-day life every bit good as her ain idealistic demeanour lead to her sing taking a lover. Leon, a immature villager, catches her fancy and takes an involvement in her every bit good. But she does non give in to her desires, possibly out of trueness to her hubby, even though she evidently does non love him. In fact, she? detests? ( p. 12 2 ) Charles. But still, she does non do criminal conversation with Leon. Leon surely does non love Emma. He is simply physically attracted to her, and is, for deficiency of better term, merely seeking to bed her. After his attempts fail, he decides to travel to Paris. He was? weary of loving without any result. ? ( P. 83 ) Emma is crushed when he leaves, non out of love realized excessively late, but out of the realisation that her life is one time once more devoid of exhilaration. That is until she meets Rodolphe, a comfortable type from the suburbs. He is more forceful than Leon, and finally does do love to Emma. But their relation is non love either. On Emma? s portion, she is merely seeking to carry through her romantic phantasies by taking an adulterous lover like the adult females in all the novels she reads. As for Rodolphe, he evidently does non love Emma. Why else does he make up ones mind to go forth her when she tries to take their relationship to the following degree? And when he writes a? beloved Jane missive? to Emma informing her of his departure, he is forced to forge a tear. Finally Leon returns to Madame Bovary? s life after three old ages apart. How do they observe? A romantic dinner at place? A dark at the opera? No, they? consummate the relationship? in the back place of a passenger car. Is that the mark of love, or of passion? Broke and heartbroken, Emma takes her ain life. Leon does non mourn ; alternatively he gets married to another. Rodolphe does non mourn ; he in fact denies her the money that might hold saved her life. The lone 1 that does mourn is Charles, her devoted hubby. But for the most portion, all he laments approximately is her beauty. Once he is out of bereavement, he sees that he is broke, and quickly dies. The relationships in Madame Bovary are legion and varied in their grounds, but they all portion in common the fact that love was non the drive factor them.

Industry and Competitive Analysis

Industry and Competitive Analysis The retail industry deals with merchandizing of products and services. This involves the purchase of goods in bulk then reselling them in smaller proportion to consumers. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Industry and Competitive Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some companies in the retail industry produce their own branded products and services to gain competitive advantage over other companies in the industry. The ability to produce branded goods and products in the retail industry is a critical success factor because most companies sell homogeneous products. The product idea of manufacturing a fridge with water and ice dispensers developed after assessing consumer’s problems and needs in the twenty-first century. Consumers value convenience and instead of buying separate appliances for preserving food, an ice maker and water dispenser, one product that serves all these functions would offer conven ience to consumers. Industry Analysis A company can offer homogeneous products and services or use a differentiation strategy, which offers unique products with additional features. The degree of differentiation refers to the ingenuity in making a product or service. Highly differentiated products are unique and contain more features than competitor’s products. In the retail industry, differentiated products and services give company a competitive edge over competitors. To attain and maintain market leadership, an organization should regularly reinvent products and services to match dynamic consumer needs. The retail industry carries homogeneous products with very few companies offering consumers branded differentiated products. The retail industry is one of the oldest trades known to man. According to Wrice, the retail industry began with barter trade in the ancient world (2). The industry has evolved over time from small kiosks and fragmented supplies to huge self-service hypermarkets that allow consumers the convenience of obtaining whatever they want under one roof and shopping at the comfort of their neighborhoods. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advancement of technology has played a key role in transformation of the retail industry. E-commerce allows organizations to have virtual stores and consumers can shop from the comfort of their homes. The cost structure analysis establishes the correlation between cost and volume. Cost structure also aids in the calculation of breakeven point when determining projected profitability of a product. Before undertaking any manufacturing project, management should establish a cost structure depending on the organizations cash flow needs. Manufacturing methods can be either capital or labor intensive. Labor-intensive projects have high variable costs while capital-intensive projects have hig h fixed costs. Depending on the available resources or methods required for manufacturing the product and affinity towards technology, the management may choose a capital structure with high variable cost or fixed cost. The retail industry has balanced cost structure that requires both fixed costs and variable costs. The retail industry is shifting from the traditional structure by adopting flexible structure that allows companies to meet consumer’s dynamic needs more conveniently. In the wake of the advanced technology, companies have virtual stores, which target consumers who do their shopping online. The retail industry has moved away from urban shopping to increase consumer’s convenience by avoiding traffic jams in urban centers. Retailers now use suppliers’ integration that allows consumers to cater for all their shopping needs under one roof; for example, most companies in the retail industry are incorporating fast-food outlets, a bank and a fueling sta tion to increase consumers’ convenience when shopping.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Industry and Competitive Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environmental Analysis It is fundamental to undertake environmental analysis of an industry before undertaking any capital-intensive venture. The industry’s environment determines the strategic choices made by a company to gain a competitive advantage over competitors. Environmental analysis helps a potential investor to understand the dynamics of the macro and micro dynamics of the industry. Demographics refer to the composition of the population in an organization’s target industry. The demographics establish which products are likely to be on demand in the market. Demographics of the retail industry are made of vast diversity of ethnic backgrounds; for instance, the number of baby bloomers and the graying age group has been on the rise over time, something that underscores the need to have environmental analysis for the retail industry to thrive. A refrigerator is a necessity in any homestead because it helps preserve food. A refrigerator with additional features such as water and ice dispenser increases offers consumers value for their money in terms of cost and space. The graying community and baby bloomers buy food products in bulk to avoid making many trips to the store hence the need to have a fridge. In addition, the working population also requires the convenience of a refrigerator because people mainly shop over the weekends. As aforementioned, the retail industry has transformed radically due to the advancement in technology. Companies in the retail industry have adopted virtual stores enabling them to engage in international businesses. E-commerce has changed the relationship between organization and consumers. To remain competitive, organizations in the retail industry must understand the dynamics brought about by new technology. Technological advancement has not only presented companies with the opportunity of undertaking international business, but also increased organizations’ vulnerability to competitive rivalry. The political-legal environment regards the rules and regulations governing an industry. Therefore, it is imperative for organizations to understand the political-legal environment of an industry before engaging in any venture. Before manufacturing of the fridge with water and ice dispenser, the patents and trademarks, idea investigation is pertinent to avoid any legal suits, which could jeopardize the manufacturing process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economic environment determines consumer’s purchasing power. In the advent of global economic recession, consumers’ purchasing power has gone down significantly. Analysis of the economic dynamics will help an organization to establish which strategies it should adopt to give consumers the incentive to purchase their products and services. Strategic positioning of the refrigerator using product differentiation and penetration pricing will help in launching it into the market successfully. Competitive Analysis Industry’s competition analysis uses the five forces framework viz. â€Å"the threat of new entrants, suppliers bargaining power, buyers bargaining power, threat of substitute, and competitive rivalry within the industry† (Porter 6). The nature of the retail industry allows consumer to switch from one retail store to the next without incurring any cost. This flexibility increases the buyer’s bargaining power. For retail stores to gain marke t leadership, they have to offer consumers with value and fair prices. Supplier bargaining power increases when there is a limited number of suppliers carrying a scarce commodity in an industry. Lack of consumer loyalty in the industry makes the retail business attractive to potential investors. The retail industry offers consumer products purchased from manufacturers hence it is quite difficult to differentiate the product and this scenario decreases customer loyalty and in turn increases threat of new entrants. To mitigate the threat of new entrants, retail stores have adopted low-pricing strategies and offer outstanding customer service to create customer loyalty. The retail industry faces a formidable threat for some of its product lines from substitutes available to consumers. The threat of substitutes is low in the retail industry because the cost of obtaining alternative products is relatively high. A substitute for the fridge with a dispenser is coolers used to preserve food s and drinks. The fridge offers more space for storing food and has additional features, which will appeal to consumers. It is imperative for new entrants to carry out analysis of competitors’ SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats) analysis in an industry so that to device strategies, which will counter competitors’ moves giving a potential investor a competitive position in the industry. According to Hutchison, Macy, and Allen, to counter the strengths of competitors, it is critical to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of major players in the industry (16). New entrants can use the weaknesses of a competitor as opportunities to gain market share in the industry. Major companies in the retail industry include Target and Wal-Mart. The companies’ brand names are well established; therefore, new entrants into the market need to garner enough resources to create awareness about their products and services, thus building a brand identity. Convenien t location, good customer care, and supplier integration are critical success factors in the retail industry. Although major competitors like Walmart sell homogeneous products and services, they gain competitive through the ability to maintain low cost thus offering consumers the lowest prices in the industry. New entrants into the retail industry can use product differentiation, intensive promotional campaigns, and pricing strategies to gain market share. Competition in the retail industry is high and might be challenging for a new entrant; however, strategic positioning will help to gain a significant market share. Low pricing strategy and product differentiation will help in market penetrating for the fridge with a water and ice dispenser. In addition, intensive promotion strategies will help create awareness of the same. The new refrigerators distribution channels should be exclusive virtual stores to reduce administrative costs thus offering consumers low prices and value. Pr ojected expenses and profitability Before embarking on manufacturing of the fridge with a water and ice dispenser, developing a financial plan will be helpful in evaluating the projected expenses and profitability. Cost analysis helps to evaluate whether it is worthwhile to undertake a business venture or not. Total costs for manufacturing the fridge, like any other manufactured product, will include â€Å"direct material cost, direct labor cost, manufacturing overheads, distribution, marketing, and sunken cost† (Viscusi 1424). The activity-based method is most appropriate when apportioning the manufacturing overheads. The projected profitability calculations commence after establishing estimates of demands for the company’s product. Market analysis should help establish potential demand, which is essential in estimating profitability levels. To achieve profitability, the total cost of manufacturing a unit of a product should be below the break-even point. If the ven ture is profitable, the manufacturing of the fridge should commence immediately after market testing. Conclusion Retail industry has undergone major transformations over the last few decades. The transformations are attributable to changing dynamic consumer needs and advancement in technology. The environmental and competitive dynamics of an industry help to identify appropriate strategic choices for new entrants. Evaluation of the competitor’s weakness and strengths help to identify strategies appropriate for launching a new product into the market. A financial plan helps to give the projected expenses and profitability of a product to determine whether it is worthwhile to undertake the project. Hutchison, Thomas, Macy, Army, and Allen, Paul. Record label marketing. USA: Focal Press, 2010. Print. Porter, Michael. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, 2008. Viscusi, Kip. â€Å"Regulating the Regulators. University of Chicago Law Review 6 3.4 (1996): 1423-1461. Wrice, Mark. First Steps in a Retail Career. Australia: Macmillan Publishers. 2002. int.

Free writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Free writing - Essay Example Confusing the issue regarding the origin of the eyeglass, though, are reports in China of similar inventions coming to them earlier than the Italian invention. Spectacles may have introduced into China as early as the twelfth century, coming in from Malacca â€Å"in the Western Regions.† This date was derived by comparing the original documents and reviewing the probable date regarding when they were written given what is known about the life of the author. This also places spectacles in China at least a century earlier than had been determined based on readings of the Western texts, especially the texts coming out of Italy. (Chiu, 1936) As complex as the discussion regarding the invention of the eyeglass, certain developments in its evolution have been almost as hotly debated. Acknowledging that a large portion of the credit for this invention has been attributed to Benjamin Franklin, two other men probably played a large role in the creation and development of this specializ ed vision aid, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Benjamin West. Tracing through these letters, the author indicates that Franklin’s recipient had already been familiar with the idea prior to Franklin’s letter, further indicating an earlier invention. Other materials have also surfaced revolving around Benjamin West that indicated he, as well as several painters and other artists, were accustomed to wearing divided glasses for many years prior to the man’s death in 1820. However, it is unknown whether these ‘many years’ predated or postdated Franklin’s use of bifocals. However, the man that created West’s bifocals knew of other artists, particularly Sir Joshua Reynolds, who also used bifocals who would have needed them prior to Franklin’s invention of them in 1784. In addition, it would have been unlikely that Reynolds would have been able to adopt the invention from Franklin as Franklin had been in France at the time and finally, it is be lieved West got his idea for bifocals from Reynolds rather than Franklin. What is known is that all three men knew each other and all three men wore bifocals. (Levene, 1972) What is not know is whom exactly invented eyeglasses we are familiar with now or when. Eyeglasses, or spectacles, in the earliest forms of what might be familiar today, had its beginnings in the thirteenth century. Salvino degli Armati is widely credited as being the inventor of the familiar two-lens apparatus that rests on the bridge of the nose although English Franciscan and intellectual Roger Bacon (1220 -1292), designed a similar version a couple of decades earlier. The discovery that curved glass improved vision led to other innovations such as the telescope and microscope which led to the rise of modern science, greatly advancing the breadth of knowledge and well-being of the human race. Reading glasses themselves represent one of the most significant inventions of human kind as they were developed by a c ollaboration of several talented craftsmen including glassmakers, jewelers and clockmakers along with â€Å"philosophers, monks, mathematicians, physicists, astronomers, and chemists who all played vital roles in developing this instrument† (Rosenthal, 1994, p. 489). The Greeks, Egyptians, Romans and Chinese are all recorded to have experimented with varying types of ocular manipulations using glass. A prominent astronomer and mathematician

How has the debt problem in Europe envolved Essay

How has the debt problem in Europe envolved - Essay Example The EU market was lending to Ireland, Greece and Portugal at a rate that was at par with the one offered to Germany in 2008. The assumption at this point in time being that the Euro could never at any one given point break up and as a result, each and every country within the region was taken to be as safe as Germany- which had been considered to be the safest. For a very long time, Germany benefitted from the Euro zone crisis. The country had very low interest rates that made it even easier for the government to borrow more, thus creating a demand for more personal loans. The European Commercial Bank (ECB) even purchased German government bonds. Germany was seen to be the safe haven in European economics. Interest rates in the country had been going down since the start of the first symptoms of the crisis (Broyer, Peterson and Schneider 2012, p.2). . This was a part crisis how had the country performed before? Was it over heating? If no why? Following this assumption, Greece did acc umulate almost 145% of its gross domestic product (GDP) as gross debt, a figure that was by far beyond what the country was capable of producing within a period of about one year and six months. As the crisis was progressing into its third year, it was not clear whether or not it would culminate in bringing to an end the straightening out or further accelerate the continent’s six-decade progress toward slow but sure confederacy, as Europe staggered between the currency’s (Euro) break up and the measurably stouter measures that would pave way for tighter political and fiscal bonds (Ernst & Young 2012, p.1). The move towards a single economic region, as adopted by the European Union in the unveiling of the Euro currency is informed by the optimum currency area theory. Presented by Robert Mundell, the theory outlines the features of a new currency developed after several currencies have merged. It deals with the currency of a region as opposed to that of a country; a part icular region, larger than a particular country has to share a currency (Mundell 1961, pp. 658). In essence, the theory seeks to set out the maximum number of currencies that can be used in one particular region. The theory has enabled the close study of the many economic features that are key pillars in monetary unions. What does the theory say should happen? In spring 2010, Greece was not in a position of borrowing on the open markets at reasonably priced interest rates; a bailout package amounting to 110 billion Euros was devised by the European Union, International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank. As an act of pay back Greece was required to cut down on its public spending by a quantifiable amount. In May 2010, the European countries’ government leaders made an approval of a contingency fund totalling to 500 billion Euros for the Union at large. In November 2010, Ireland did wrack a banking crisis after the collapse of a housing bubble and was in receipt of a bailout amounting to 6 billion Euros. Portugal, on her side, received 78 billion Euros as a result of a long-term economic laggard (Wharton 2012,

The Fake Democratic Impact of the Social Media Web Sites Research Paper

The Fake Democratic Impact of the Social Media Web Sites - Research Paper Example The contemporary society is controlled by numerous functions of the internet including Wikipedia, youtube and blogging in general and the social networking in particular. Nevertheless, just like any inventor projects personal ideology through the invention, social media websites have also played a biased role in the promotion of awareness. Social media websites have played a negative role through the spread anarchy across the world in the name of democracy by projecting the views of the controlling agencies. US has conventionally played a central role in the spread of social media websites as the forums of discussion for the spread of democracy both within US and in several other countries particularly in the Asia and the Middle East. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in its Article 19 allows every individual a right â€Å"to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers† (Posner cited in Philadelphia News). This has prima rily been achieved by use of the mobile technology and the social media websites. In a vast majority of cases, the exchange of opinions in the social media websites has flared up the notions of anarchy amongst the users. Twitter was frequently used by the democracy activists in Iran to schedule the strikes. Also, a multinational campaign was organized with the help of Facebook against the Colombian narco-terrorist group called FARC. Antigovernment activists in North Africa and the Middle East have received training from the US about using the computer technology for spreading the democracy. Activists get the application uploaded in their cell phones. If the application is captured, the contact book immediately gets removed by the software and the activists receive a warning signal. The evidence can be erased with a single push of the button using the â€Å"panic button† technology (GRTV). American officials say that they use the technology to safeguard the concerns of the pro -democracy agencies across the border. Hundreds of thousands of the democracy activists are receiving training from US to run antigovernment campaigns that have recently been noticed in several Middle Eastern countries including Egypt and Lebanon. Foreign interference doesn't have to be a military invasion and a bombing campaign or some kind of a special operation in that country. It can also be the training and funding and political support given to individuals who then promote those foreign interests. That's one of the newest strategies that the US government has successfully been executing in different countries around the world, that it doesn't consider subordinate to their agenda. And they do it subtly, so it's harder to detect and denounce it, which is often more effective. (Golinger cited in GRTV). Social media websites are also being increasingly used by fake identities just to strengthen the popularity of views of a particular community. One example of this is the online ma nagement program that has been launched by the US military to enable the false personas to enhance the communication flow on the social media websites. In this sense, the social media websites are being increasingly used for the warfare. â€Å"People are using social media for cyber warfare. That's what we are going to see -- governments or non-state actors are going to try to find ways to use the internet and social media to gain

What Are The Challenges And Drivers Of Internationalization Management Essay

What Are The Challenges And Drivers Of Internationalization Management Essay In the modern world economy, business transactions can be conducted within the same city, the same country, or even between two countries. The term of internationalization has been adopted by many researchers, for instance Bell (1995): A firms engagement in a specific foreign market develops according to an establishment chain, i.e. at the start no export activities are performed in the market, then export takes place via independent representatives, later through a sales subsidiary, and, eventually manufacturing may follow. Internationalization has become a significant research topic for business academics in the past forty years. A substantial amount of research has focused on multinational enterprises (Dunning, 1973; Markusen, 1995; Kogut and Zander, 2003), with a growing interest in the internationalization of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994). Meanwhile small- and medium-sized companies (SMEs) have been believed to be significant in supporting economics improvement within a country (Mazzarol, Volery, Doss, and Thein, 1999). For example, in the Netherlands, SMEs account 98.8% of all private-sector companies, contribute 31.6% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and employ 55% of the total workforce (EIM Business Policy Research, 1999). Furthermore, obtaining sales outside their own domestic market is a goal of many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their governments (Economic Development Board, 1993). This thesis will be concentrated on the process of internationalization of SMEs, and especially the barriers of internationalization and motivations for export activities. In fact, SMEs are able to develop abroad since nowadays countries all around the world have become almost indistinguishable in terms of cultures and institutional settings (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). 1.2 Problem statement According to problem indication, this there for leads to the following problem statement; What are the barriers and motivations of internationalization with regard to small and medium sized enterprises? 1.3 Research Questions The following questions will be posed in order to draw conclusions with respect to the problem statement: What are the characteristics of small and medium enterprises? How do the enterprises internationalize? What are the challenges and drivers of internationalization? 1.4 Research Method and Data Collection 1.4.1 Research Method This thesis will use a literature study as the method of research. To be able to answer the research questions, the research method that shall be used is the literature study. To develop a theoretical framework, exploratory studies are used in this research. It is the most ideal type of research for obtaining a clear understanding of the phenomena of interest (Sekarana, 2003). 1.4.2 Data Colletion Most of the resources used are secondary data which is data that have already been gathered by other researchers in the past (Sekarana, 2010). So far the author has found several journals and articles discussing internationalization of small and medium enterprises as the main source of this thesis. Firstly, literature based on drivers and motivations of internationalization of small and medium enterprises were sought using several search engines such as Google Scholar, and also database such as JSTOR. The following keywords were used: Internationalization, SMEs, Drivers and Motivations. These keywords were used separately and in combinations with each other. Secondly, more literature, articles and statistical data were found from the internet. Google is used as the search engine. Finally, to determine the quality of the literature, it is important to look at the number of citations from other high quality journal included in this literature. Another way to determine if literature is trustworthy is by looking at the references. 1.5 Structure of the Thesis In the remaining chapters the structure will be as follows: Chapter 2 shall review and analyze some of the definitions of small and medium enterprises and their characteristics, referring research question Q1. Chapter 3 will examine the theories and the process of internationalization. In chapter 4, I will investigate the opportunities and barriers to internationalization. In the final chapter, conclusions will be drawn and the problem statement will be answered. 2. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES 2.1. Definition of SMEs There is no single, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm (Storey, 1994). However, some definitions are very depending on criteria such as number of employees and turn over. In 1971 Bolton Report (Dawes Haydock in Frank, 1999) attempted to overcome the problem of small firm definition by formulating what it called an economic definition and a statistical definition. Under the economic definition, a firm is regarded as small if it satisfied the following three criteria: they had a relatively small share of their market place; they were managed by owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formalized management structure; they were independent, in the sense of not forming part of a large enterprise. The Committee also formulated a statistical definition which was designed to address three main issues. The first was to quantify the size for the small-firm sector and its contribution to economic aggregates such as gross domestic product (GDP), employment, exports and innovation. The second purpose was to compare the extent to which the small enterprise sectors economic contribution has changed over time. Thirdly, applying the statistical definition, this allows a comparison to be made among the contributions of small firms in one country with that of other nations. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus on how to define SME (Gibb, 1993; Curran and Blackburn, 2001) as each country defines SME differently. For example, in the US and Canada, SMEs are generally defined as firms with fewer than 500 employees. In Japan, different headcount ceilings are used for manufacturing (up to 300 employees), wholesale (up to 150) and retail (up to 50). In this thesis we use the classification given by the Commission of the European Communities (2003/361/EC 2003). According to the European Union (2003), an SME is an enterprise with fewer than 250 employees and a turnover no more than 50 million Euros or a balance sheet total of no more than 43 million Euros. Small enterprises employ less than 50 and micro enterprises less than 10 employees. 2.2. Characteristics of SMEs SMEs are always one of the remarkable subjects for the researchers. It may be distinguished from larger firms by a number of key characteristics. Researchers have drawn some characteristic for the SMEs. Characteristics often discussed as typical of SMEs are as followed: Limited resources (Welsh and White, 1981). A small and medium enterprise generally has limited resources, which means they did not have money to purchase the required machinery and to hire many workers. This is extremely true for new starts-up due to an absence or lack of track record on the firm to entice potential investors and bankers. Hence, it is highly dependent on the capability of the owner to generate resources. Informal management style (Kotey, 1999 and Slade, 2005). For small and medium enterprises, the management is usually informal. The owner has to do almost everything and employees are normally expected to be able to duty as generalists as there is no clear division of tasks. Flexibility (Aragon-Sanchez and Sanchez-Marin, 2005). The enterprise has more flexibility to adapt to changes in the environment due to its size and informal structure. It is also vulnerable to grow in the enterprise environment. For example, any changes in government policy or technology might have a strong influence on the firms since instant changes require additional resources or capital. This might become a constraint to the firms to compete and sustain  itself in the market. Dependence on individual decision makers (Feltham and Barnett, 2005). The firms are managed and operated by the owner. The entrepreneurs of the business lead the company and play a role as both employee and employer. The growth of the firms is determined by the owner. Decision making is commonly done by the owner. 3. INTERNATIONALIZATION Different approaches and perspectives have been contributed to the literature firms internationalization (Morgan and Katsikeas, 1997), and these issues have been researched over three decades (Etermad, 2004). For instance, a gradual perspective of SME internationalization is explained in the Uppsala Model, and the Finnish-POM Models (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). The other perspective is that SME internationalization is explained by an economic view (Dunning, 1977), and another view is described by a network approach (Kenny and Fahy, 2004; Majkgard and Sharma, 1998; Welch and Welch, 1998). The last view is described as the International New Venture perspective (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994; Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, 2000). All these models are briefly discussed below. Of the gradual approaches, the Uppsala Model initiated by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and further developed by Johanson and Vahlne (1990 and 1977) is widely used to describe pattern of small firms internationalization (Andersson, 2004). In Uppsala Model, they make the distinction between state and change aspect of internationalization variables. They argue that the present state of the firm is the important factor in explaining future changes and subsequent stages. The state aspects are represented by the firms market commitment to the foreign market and the market knowledge about foreign market and operations. The change aspect is seen as commitment decision and the performance of current business activities. The concept of market commitment is assumed to be composed of two factors: Firstly, the amount of resources committed, for example, the size of investment in the market (marketing, personnel, organization etc.); Secondly, the degree of commitment, for instance, the difficulty of finding an alternative use for the resources and transforming them to practice. Market knowledge is seen as information about markets and operations which is somehow stored reasonable retrieval in the minds of individuals inside the firm, in computer memories or in written reports. International activities require both general knowledge about market operations and market specific knowledge. Current business activities are the prime source of experimental knowledge for the firm. It could be argued that experience could be gained alternatively through the hiring of the personnel with experience or through advice from persons with experience. Commitment decisions depend very much on experience since they are a response to perceived uncertainty and opportunities on the market. Decisions to commit further resources to specific foreign operations will more often be taken if experimental knowledge increases. This implies that additional market commitment as a rule will be made in small incremental steps because its takes time to gain experimental knowledge about foreign markets. The Uppsala model concentrates on the gradual acquisition, integration and use of knowledge about foreign market. According to this model, lack of knowledge is an important obstacle in the development of international operations and such knowledge can be acquired mainly through operations abroad. The gradual acquisition of knowledge increase foreign commitments. The second gradual model distinguishes three dimensions of internationalization (Luostarinen, 1979). First is Product (P), which describes what in terms of the firms goods, services, know-how and systems. Second is the Operation mode (O) which relates to how firms operate such as through agents, subsidiaries, licensing and management contracts. Third is Market (M), which describes where in relation to the selection of markets and takes into account political, cultural and physical differences. The organizational capacity dimension was a later addition to describe organizational structure, resources, finance and personnel (Welch and Luostarinen, 1988). Nonetheless, neither gradual model addresses the issues of networking. The networking view concentrates on non-hierarchical systems where enterprises invest to support and monitor their role in international networks. Referred to as the network perspective, this research draws on the theories of social exchange and resource dependence, and emphases on firm performance in the context of a network of interorganisational and interpersonal relationships (Axelsson and Easton 1992). Such relationships can include customers, competitors, suppliers, private and public support agencies, and friends, family and so on. Organizational boundaries therefore incorporate both business and social relationships. The theory suggests three methods of internationalization: International extension, explains how a company initially establishes connections with networks in other countries; Penetration, the firms develops the relationships that arise from those networks, which is described as the penetration method; International integration, the time when the company integrates the networks in different countries. Based to this research, internationalization determined by on an organizations set of network relationships rather than a firm-specific advantage. Therefore, externalization (rather than internalization) occurs. The network approach offers a complementary perspective to FDI theory given the latter does not account for the role and impact of social relationships in business transactions (Granvetter 1985). Also, internationalization decisions and activities in the network approach appear as patterns of behavior influenced by various network members, while FDI theory assumes coherent strategic decision-making. The network perspective introduces a more multilateral element to internationalization (Johanson and Vahlne 1992, p.12). Interestingly, this perspective has evolved from Johanson and Vahlnes early work, and reflects their ongoing research exploring the management of foreign market entry. For example, their (1992) study of internationalization in the situation of exchange networks found that even if foreign market entry is the gradual process (supporting the Uppsala model), it follow from interaction, and the development and maintenance of relationships over time. These findings support Sharma and Johanson (1987), who found that technical consulting firms operate in a network of connected relationships between organizations, where relationships become bridges to foreign markets and offer firms with the prospect and incentive to internationalize. The International New Venture theory emerged in the mid-nineties in response to the recognition that many firms do not go along with the gradual models in their internationalization process (Etemad, 2004a; Kenny et al., 2004). These firms are called Born Global (Knight and Cavusgil, 1996; Rennie, 1993), whilst Oviatt et al., (1994) identify them as Global Start-ups or International New Ventures (INV) firms. This model focuses on the age and not on the size of the firms and suggests that the INVs retain unique assets and capabilities that enable firms with limited resources to venture faster into foreign markets. Furthermore, Coviello and McAuley (1999) argue the internationalization happens gradually. With his extensive study of internationalization, Gripsurd (1990) points out that there is a three-stage model describing how an organization develops its international business study. First, the organization starts as a potential exporter, where they do not yet have the opportunity to export any of their goods or services. During this stage, the organization is still producing and distributing its products in the domestic market. Moreover, in the second stage, the firm is known as a passive exporter, where it has the opportunity to export its goods or services. However, they only represent upon request; therefore, there is no self-initiative. To continue, in the third stage, the firm is known as an active exporter, when it is increasing export activities abroad. With respect to the explanations, it is clear that Bell (1995) and Gripsrud (1990) mainly focus on the idea that internationalization develops in a number of stages. It happens gradually, not just with a single movement. 3.1 Process of Internationalization There are six steps that have been used for understanding about the internationalization of the small and medium enterprises. This process is not mattered only for the small and medium firms but applied in larger firms as well (Moberg and Palm, 1995 in Jennie and Zetterwall). These steps involved respectively, why internationalization (motives), company situation (SWOT), what (product and service), where (market selection), how (entry modes), and when (point of entrance). 3.1.1. Find out motives for internationalization. When a company goes internationalization it is often driven by certain stimuli or stimulus. Sometimes external and internal pressure such as competition, excess capacity of resources and a small and decline home markets put pressure on the company for becoming international. Other time firms go international because they want to. They have a unique product that is not widely available from international competitors or a technological advance in a special field (Czincota Ronkainen, 1995). 3.1.2. Clearly define the current situation of the enterprise (through conducting a SWOT analysis). To enter a foreign market does not mean new opportunities, but also a totally new situation with new environment and cultures. To find out whether a firm is ready to meet and handle this new situation or not, a complete analysis of the company situation has to be done by using SWOT analysis (Thompson Strickland, 1995, in Jennie Zetterwall). Companys economy, production, personnel, marketing, international experience and language capabilities are some factors those must be analyzed into SWOT analysis (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall). Potential markets and marketing environment have to be analyzed to find attractive opportunities and avoid environmental threats. 3.1.3. Decide on the product or service enterprise wish to integrate in this process. The success of the firm depends on its products offered and on how well the firm is able to differentiate the product or service from what the competitors offer. When a company enters in a new market it should start with a small share of the assortment, mainly quality products or already established products. 3.1.4. Select the right market to penetrate. When firm decides to enter foreign markets, the customers and market conditions are quite different from their home market. That stage firms need to enhance international marketing strategies considering different aspect of the marketing such as product, price, promotion, place, logistics, competition, and so on. The firms strategies decided, whether use to the existing product or develop a new product to serve the foreign market. A firm operating the international marketing should not only identify the product for different markets but should also develop suitable strategies for growth such products. Whether a single standardized can be offered worldwide or a customize product need to be develop for each market is the most significant product decision that firms has to do while operating in international markets. In the international market, decision related to quality, packaging and labeling of product require specific attention and consideration. Product strategy of the firm in in ternational markets is often influenced by cultural context (Joshi, 2005). Therefore, it is a responsibility of the manager/owner to know the taste and preferences of the customer in a target market, and formulate the product strategy according to the marketing conditions. Sometime color, size, and packaging of the product play vital role in the success of the firm (Joshi, 2005). 3.1.5. Decide on mode of entry. After the selection of the market has been done, the company has to decide how to approach the foreign market. A firm can, for example choose to sell directly to the final consumer, to sell indirectly through distributors and/ or agents, or to produce locally in foreign countries. The choice depend on factors such as, resource of the exporting company, the characteristics of the product, the goal of the internationalization, the distribution culture in foreign markets, and the number and demand of the customer (Czinkota Ronkainen, 1995). 3.1.6. Find the right moment to do it. Furthermore, a company has to determine when to enter the foreign market. The company must be sure that market is ready, that the company has enough resources and the right market channel and product for specific market (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall). Meanwhile, Masurel and Montfort (2006) explored the changes between stages in the life cycle of small and medium-sized enterprises in the professional services sector. They distinguish four different, subsequent stages in the life cycle. 1. Starting; 2. Growth; 3. Maturity; 4. Decline. They found that the first three stages represent an increase in diversification in sales, increase in differentiation of labor force, and increase in labor productivity. In the last stage, the diversification in sales, differentiations in labor force, and labor productivity all drop. As growth as one crucial key in this life cycle, SMEs starts internationalization which has become more and more relevant to the competitiveness of enterprises of all sizes. Recently, SMEs that start with a global strategy can change swiftly to take advantage of cross-border activities, which offers chances not only for revenue growth but also the exchange of knowledge and the development of capabilities, thereby strengthe ning the long-term competitiveness of the firm. 3.2. The Models of Internationalization Tookey (1969) developed an early example of modeling progression through various steps, pre-dating the Uppssalla model; this involved the advancement of the firm from exporting, to international marketing and finally international business The behavioural approach of the Uppsala views internationalization as having four stages (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975, Johanson and Vahlne 1977) while Bilkey and Tesar (1977) identify six steps, Aijo (1977), Cavusgil (1980) and Reid (1981) identify five, while Czinkota (1982) identifies six. Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), Johanson and Vahlne (1977) Stage 1: No regular export activities; Stage 2: Export via agents; Stage 3: Establishment of a sales subsidiary; Stage 4: Production or manufacturing in a foreign market. Bilkey and Tesar (1977) Stage 1: Management not interested in exporting; Stage 2: Management willing to fill unsolicited orders but not effort made to explore feasibility of actively exporting; Stage 3: Management actively explores feasibility of active exporting; Stage 4: Firm exports experimentally to psychologically close county; Stage 5: Firm is now an experienced exporter; Stage 6: Management explore feasibility of exporting to psychologically distant countries. Cavusgil (1980) Stage 1: Firm sells only in domestic market; Stage 2: Pre-export phase, the firm searches for information and evaluates feasibility of starting to export; Stage: Experimental involvement, firm begins exporting to psychologically close country; Stage 4: Active involvement, exporting to more new countries, direct exporting and increase in sales volume. Czinkota (1982) Stage 1: The completely uninterested firm; Stage 2: The partially interested firm; Stage 3: The exploring firm; Stage 4: The experimental firm; Stage 5: The experienced small exporter; Stage 6: The experienced large exporter. Reid (1981) Stage 1: Export awareness, problem of opportunity recognition and arousal of need; Stage 2: Export intention, motivation, attitude, beliefs and exporting about exporting; Stage 3: Export trial, personal experience from limited exporting; Stage 4: Export evaluation, results from engaging in exporting; Stage 5: Export acceptance, adoption of exporting or rejection of exporting. 4. DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONALIZATION Drivers of Internationalization There must be some motivations behind the decision to go international. Leonidou, Katsikeas and Percy (1998) determine that organizations are typically willing to market themselves for four reasons. First, it may be due to slow growth in the domestic economy as evidenced by a reduction in the number of the home market opportunities. Consequently, an organization will look for other opportunities by entering new international markets (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson, 2009). Second, there may be a trade deficit followed by currency devaluation and a number of export restrictions. Third, the world trading system may become more liberalized leading to a minimization of international market entry barriers. Forth, it might be more intensive global competition in the global business environment. All these trends have developed the dynamic of exports. The creation of exports is not only due to the self-initiative of a company, but also by the government. This is also confirmed by Gripsrud (1990) who suggests that the government of a country may believe their firms to think globally by expanding their service areas to foreign markets, due to the expectation of an increasing volume of exports from the country. Thus, it will help the economy of that country. Furthermore, OECD (2009) also analyzed motivations for small and medium-sized internationalization including growth motives, knowledge-related motives, network or stoical ties and domestic or regional market factors. 4.1.1 Growth Motives Growth opportunities associated with international markets were identified as a key driver of firm internationalization in several recent studies (Orser et al., 2008), (Rundh, 2007), (Barnes et al., 2006), (Reynolds, 2007). The possibility of growth in other markets and increased profit opportunities from international expansion were highlighted as key stimuli for exporting. Firms overseas venturing decision also seems to be motivated by a need for business growth, profits, an increased market size, a stronger market position, and to reduce dependence on a single or small number of markets. The growth motive is very closely linked to maximizing returns and minimizing costs in purchasing, production and sales. 4.1.2 Knowledge-related Motives Garvey and Brennan (2006) suggest that knowledge assets both push and pull SMEs into international markets. The push dimension pertains to the importance of managers previous international experience and related management capacity factors. There are also related findings on the internationalization triggering effects of knowledge aspects, including RD investment, innovation capabilities, unique product or technology, and language skills; and firm resource base, as indicated by such proxies as size, age, and experience. 4.1.3 Network or Social Ties and Supply Chain Links Camara and Simoes (2008) have highlighted the importance of network/social ties and supply chain links in triggering SMEs first internationalization step and extending internationalization processes. The research studies particularly reported the stimulating effect on export activity of firms soft assets, including social and network capital, some of which may have accrued through managers immigrant background and associated links. 4.1.4 Domestic or Regional Market Drivers There is also support from recent relevant research (Lopez, 2007), (Staoian, 2006) on the push effects of firms limited or stagnating domestic market on internationalization behavior. The enterprise differed significantly in their export tendency, with export propensity increasing in regions with less favorable domestic conditions, local incentives to export and good export infrastructure. Recent evidence from Chile and Indonesia further suggest a greater tendency to export among firms from sectors characterized by high levels of export intensity and presence of foreign buyers. The Indonesian finding on the importance of foreign buyers presence is significant as it reinforces the earlier observed need to boost SMEs role in global value chains through facilitating their integration into production or supply systems of foreign affiliates of larger firms (OECD, 2008). Cavusgil and Nevin (1981) also classify the internal determinants of export behavior in four categories, which are differential firm advantages, strength of managerial aspirations for various business goals, management expectations about the effects of exporting on business goals, and level of organizational commitment to export marketing. Firstly, differential firm advantages are derived from the nature of the firms products, markets, technological orientation, and resources. These factors are important in preparing the firm and in motivating its management, but not sufficient to initiate export. Secondly, the strength of managerial aspirations for various business goals, such as growth profits, and market development are a second set of drivers. The importance that managers attach to internationalization is believed to be a direct determinant of a firms export behavior. Thirdly, management expectations about the effects of exporting on business goals reflect the managers knowledge and perceptions of possible risks and profitability of export. These expectations are also influenced by external factors, such as unsolicited orders from foreign buyers and fluctuations in exchange rates. Lastly, the level of organizational commitment to export marketing indicates the willingness to devote adequate resources to export-related activities. As reporting involves many new tasks and requires commitment of financial and managerial resources, this is a critical factor for an effective internationalization strategy. 4.2. Barriers to Internationalization In order to identify the term internationalization with the main focus of the thesis, Coviello and McAuley (1999) stated that not only large organizations, but also small and medium sized organizations, can become global. In addition, they also state that the international expansion of an SME is certainly useful when it comes to contributing to the economic growth and prosperity of a country. However, one thing that should be remembered is that not every SME is ready to expand into international markets. Despite the fact that they have small or medium sized organizations, there must be some factors and limitations in terms of finding global market opportunities. There have been a number of studies which have focused on the barriers to internationalization (Leonidou, 1995; Campbell 1994; Katsikeas and Morgan, 1994, Morgan 1997). The barriers to internationalization can be categorized into five broad areas: financial, managerial, market based (including both the domestic and international markets), industry specific and firm specific. It is widely acknowledged that barriers to internationalization can exist at any stage in the internationalization process (Morgan, 1997). Furthermore, the perception of the barrier